Last reviewed: September 2026
What is bipolar disorder?
Bipolar disorder is a long-term mental health condition that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, and activity levels, moving between extreme highs and extreme lows. It’s more than ordinary mood swings; episodes can last days or weeks and have a real impact on daily life. It can’t be cured, but with the right treatment and support, it can be managed, and many people live full, stable lives.
Diagnosis usually takes time, as symptoms can overlap with other conditions, and is made by a mental health specialist rather than a GP alone.
What causes bipolar disorder?
The exact cause isn’t fully understood. It’s thought to result from a combination of genetic factors, brain chemistry, and life circumstances.
A family history of bipolar disorder increases the likelihood of developing it, and stressful life events, such as relationship breakdown, bereavement or money worries can trigger an episode in someone already vulnerable to the condition.
Common symptoms of bipolar disorder
Symptoms fall into two contrasting patterns, but every person’s experience of the highs and lows is unique.
During a high (mania or hypomania)
- Feeling unusually elated, euphoric, or “wired”.
- Needing far less sleep than usual, without feeling tired.
- Talking quickly, racing thoughts, or being easily distracted.
- Taking risks that are out of character, such as overspending or impulsive decisions.
During a low (depression)
- Persistent low mood, tearfulness, or hopelessness.
- Losing interest in things usually enjoyed.
- Low energy, disrupted sleep, or changes in appetite.
- Difficulty concentrating, or feeling worthless.
Some people experience mixed episodes, where high and low symptoms happen at the same time, which can be particularly distressing and disorientating.
What can help with bipolar disorder?
If you think you or someone you know may have symptoms of bipolar disorder, start with speaking to a GP. They can rule out other causes and refer to a psychiatrist for a full assessment. Diagnosis and treatment can take time, but earlier support is linked to better long-term outcomes.
Medication: mood stabilisers and, during manic episodes, antipsychotics are the main treatment, with a treatment plan built around each person’s pattern of highs and lows. Medication is usually taken on an ongoing basis, even when feeling well, as stopping suddenly can trigger a relapse. Any changes should always be made with a doctor, not alone.
Talking therapies: psychological support can help someone understand their triggers and manage the impact of episodes, usually alongside medication rather than in place of it.
Self-care, as a supplement to treatment: these don’t replace medical care, but some people find they help alongside it:
- Keeping a consistent sleep routine, since disrupted sleep can trigger episodes.
- Avoiding alcohol and recreational drugs.
- Keeping a simple mood diary to spot patterns over time.
- Staying connected to trusted people who can help notice early changes.
Recognising early warning signs: changes such as sleeping much less, spending more than usual, or feeling unusually low can signal the start of an episode. Having a plan, agreed with a doctor or trusted person, for what to do when these signs appear can help reduce the severity of an episode.
Learn more about bipolar disorder
- NHS overview of bipolar disorder, symptoms, causes and treatment
- Mind’s in-depth resources on bipolar disorder
- Bipolar UK – UK charity dedicated to supporting people affected by bipolar disorder
Get support with bipolar disorder
Whatever you are going through, you are not alone.
Response can only support people who come to us through an NHS or local authority referral, so we’ve gathered helplines and organisations you can contact directly for support with your mental health, including services available 24/7.